CBD & Hemp: What is CBD and How Does It Work?

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Cannabis: An Ancient Crop with Claims of Health Benefits

The use of cannabis dates back to ancient civilizations, with records of its use dating back to 6,000 years ago.1 Claims of health benefits included constipation, gout, rheumatism, and absent-mindedness.2 However, it wasn’t until recent years that numerous potential therapeutic uses of cannabis for pets have surfaced.

While there is more research for human use of CBD, animal research into CBD is lacking. The minimal research that is available needs significant expansion and validation. It’s important to remember that just because something is published, it doesn’t mean it’s entirely accurate or even applicable to the real world. Therefore, it is essential to understand the regulation, safety, and legality surrounding pet supplements.

Today, there is a plethora of CBD supplements available to people and pets. However, with so much misinformation and dangerous information on the market, it can be challenging to determine what is safe and legal. 

In this multi-part series, we will explore the regulation, how CBD works, and the safety and legality surrounding pet supplements. Since this article serves as our opening to the discussion, we’ll cover the basics: the difference between hemp and marijuana, how CBD works, and how it’s absorbed.

Classification & Cannabinoids

Cannabis can be broadly classified as either hemp or marijuana, and that classification depends on the concentration of the cannabinoid Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (more commonly known as THC) and other cannabinoids they contain.3 The plants contain more than 400 chemicals but the cannabinoid THC is the one with the most recognition for its psychotropic “high” effect.4 Because THC is highly lipid-soluble and is distributed in fat, liver, brain, and renal tissue in the body.

The other cannabinoid that has gained attention is cannabidiol (or CBD), which is the focus of this discussion. It was first isolated from the marijuana plant by Roger Adams in the 1940’s, although it wasn’t chemically described until 1964 by Raphael Mechoulam. Today CBD is commonly used in a variety of human and pet supplements and edibles for pets and people. This cannabinoid has a lot of focus due to its potential, not proven, the ability to help manage anxiety, insomnia, and pain in humans. As already discussed, despite many anecdotal reports and claims more research is needed to determine the effectiveness, dosing, and safety of CBD and other cannabinoids in pets. However, as mentioned earlier, this is also true for many other types of supplements for pets – in fact, a lot of human data is used in order to promote the benefits to pets.

How CBD Works

There are three types of cannabinoids. Like neurotransmitters, all types of cannabinoids work by triggering a response from a receptor. Cannabinoids interact with receptors in the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The main function of the ECS is to maintain body homeostasis— which is biological harmony in response to changes in the environment.5  CBD is known as a phytocannabinoid, which comes from plants. For context, several plants beyond cannabis also produce phytocannabinoids, including cacao and echinacea. All mammals also produce their own cannabinoids, called endocannabinoids. The third type of cannabinoids is synthetic cannabinoids which are made in a laboratory. 

Phytocannabinoids, such as CBD work to inhibit the activity of ECS receptors, or in other words; limit activity or turn them off. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a role in the regulation of pain, pleasure, digestion, metabolism, inflammation, sleep, movement, neuroprotection, immune function, appetite, body temperature, mood, memory, and cardiovascular function.6,7  

Since CBD influences the ECS, there is potentially a wide range of benefits to the therapeutic use of CBD containing supplements and much of the theory behind CBD comes from this. Many anecdotal and case reports reflect these benefits; however, the problem is that there are few evidence-backed indications of these benefits in the mainstream scientific literature. This is complicated by the fact that many companies and non-scientific blogs continue to make claims of benefit giving the consumer and even retailers the perception of more evidence than there is. This climate has created a lot of trust and transparency issues for medical practitioners and CBD manufacturers.

There are two main cannabinoid receptors in humans and dogs, CB1 found primarily in the central nervous system and CB2 which are peripheral and immune-modulating.4,8 CB1 activity is believed to be responsible for most endocannabinoid clinical effects and benefits. 

Dosing & Absorption

CBD dosing & bioavailability, or the body’s ability to absorb CBD containing products are other factors to consider. There are several different types of products that have varying levels of bioavailability. For example, CBD itself is a fat-soluble cannabinoid, like THC. Since our bodies are mostly water traditional CBD oils not absorbed well in the gut, and therefore only have adequate absorption via the oral mucus membrane. Humans for example would need to hold a traditional CBD oil in their mouth for about 90 seconds for best absorption – not exactly realistic for dogs or cats. 

Fortunately, technology has offered solutions to the absorption challenges of traditional CBD oils. There are companies that have altered their products to be absorbed through liposome (fat) technology or nano-particle technologies that allow for oral use and absorption through the GI tract when consumed. The later technology has the highest bioavailability and allows CBD to cross the blood-brain barrier since the particles are so small. However – most CBD oils, treats, and edibles available are not nano-particle, so it’s important to ask. In addition, edibles, especially dog treats that have traditional oil have likely had a heat process applied (i.e. baking). Heat significantly reduces the bioavailability and therefore effectiveness of the CBD within the product. 

Summary

CBD can come from hemp or marijuana, with hemp lacking enough THC to product the psychotropic “high” effect marijuana is most known for. Although Hemp based-CBD supplements are widely available on the market, the reality is that there is a real lack of information regarding its exact benefit or benefits. However, we know enough about the human and animal endocannabinoid system to theorize how and what these supplements may be useful for. The type of CBD is important when choosing a product because not all are easily absorbed or effective due to a variety of processing techniques. 

This article is part of a Hemp Education Series. Over the course of this series, we will further explore hemp legality, safety, dosing, and how to spot quality from potentially dangerous products. 

For further reading, continue to part II, III, IV

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

References

1. Sawler J, Stout JM, Gardner KM, et al. The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133292

2. Marijuana, the Second Trip. Revised Edition by Bloomquist, Edward R.: Good PAPERBACK | Earthlight Books. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.abebooks.com/Marijuana-Second-Trip-Revised-Edition-Bloomquist/22676164305/bd

3. Kogan L, Schoenfeld-Tacher R, Hellyer P, Rishniw M. US Veterinarians’ Knowledge, Experience, and Perception Regarding the Use of Cannabidiol for Canine Medical Conditions. Front Vet Sci. 2019;5. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00338

4. Fitzgerald KT, Bronstein AC, Newquist KL. Marijuana Poisoning. Top Companion Anim Med. 2013;28(1):8-12. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.03.004

5. Mackie K. Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They are and What They do. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20(s1):10-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x

6. Maroon J, Bost J. Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_45_18

7. Levinsohn EA, Hill KP. Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2020;411:116717. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717

References

8. Mechanisms of CB1 receptor signaling: endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic strength | International Journal of Obesity. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/0803273

9. Commissioner O of the. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). FDA. Published online March 10, 2020. Accessed June 4, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd

10. Commissioner O of the. FDA Warns Companies Illegally Selling CBD Products to Treat Medical Conditions, Opioid Addiction. FDA. Published April 26, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-companies-illegally-selling-cbd-products-treat-medical-conditions-opioid-addiction

11. How CBD pet product brands avoid federal warnings. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/8793-how-cbd-pet-product-brands-avoid-federal-warnings

12. Drug Scheduling. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.dea.gov/drug- scheduling

13. AVMA weighs in at cannabis hearing. American Veterinary Medical Association. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2019-08-15/avma-weighs-cannabis-hearing

14. FAQs. NASC LIVE. Accessed June 13, 2020. https://nasc.cc/faqs/

15. Resnik DB. Beyond post-marketing research and MedWatch: Long-term studies of drug risks. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2007;1:1-5.

16. Deabold KA, Schwark WS, Wolf L, Wakshlag JJ. Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Safety Assessment with Use of CBD-Rich Hemp Nutraceutical in Healthy Dogs and Cats. Animals. 2019;9(10):832. doi:10.3390/ani9100832

17. McGrath S, Bartner LR, Rao S, Kogan LR, Hellyer PW. A Report of Adverse Effects Associated With the Administration of Cannabidiol in Healthy Dogs. :5.

18. Commissioner O of the. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD. FDA. Published online March 3, 2020. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis

19. Wakshlag JJ, Cital S, Eaton SJ, Prussin R, Hudalla C. Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements. Vet Med Res Rep. 2020;11:45-55. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S248712

June 2020: Journal of Animal Sciences Grain Free & Heart Disease Summary

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Background & History of DCM Investigation

In June of 2018 a blog titled “A broken heart: Risk of heart disease in boutique or grain-free diets and exotic ingredients” was published on the Tuft’s University blog ‘Petfoodology’. This blog was followed by a commentary article in JAVMA causing increased media and public attention. It’s important to note that neither of these papers were peer reviewed, and the AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) disseminated it as gospel.  This is unfortunate considering 80% of veterinarians believe or look at AVMA as a source of truth even if an article does not contain true or accurate science content.

These articles were composed by Lisa Freeman, a board-certified veterinary nutritionist from Tufts University in order to warn the public and veterinary community about the imminent danger from ‘BEG’ foods. This blog caught the media by storm followed by the FDA launching an investigation into the matter. As a result, the FDA launched an investigation which was complicated by sampling bias, overrepresentation of subgroups and confounding variables. For the past two years, despite additional commentary articles, scarce and vague scientific data and inconclusive FDA reports, information regarding DCM has been incomplete at best. Lack of information has been accompanied by abbreviated synopses of case studies with multiple variables and treatments, incomplete medical information and conflicting medical data and opinions from veterinary nutrition influencers.1  

The reality is that there are many variables that may, or may not, impact the onset, disease process and outcome of DCM. Available studies lack evaluation of isolated variables in a controlled environment free from sampling bias. For example, many unknowns exist surrounding numerous nutrients, genetics, hypothyroidism, myocarditis, arrhythmias and other diet-related etiologies.1

Critical Part of the Conversation: DCM Disease Process & Role of Nutrition

One of the largest points of contention within this investigation is that pet owners and even some within the veterinary community are unaware of the multiple etiologies and the complex relation of nutrition to DCM. Causative factors behind DCM have been oversimplified to blame grain-free foods – which is fundamentally incorrect and is a disservice to the field of nutrition and the health and wellbeing of pets. 

Any self-respecting nutritionist knows that nutrients, not ingredients, make up a well-formulated diet. Nutrition is far more complex than this 2-year conversation has given credit to – and this review acknowledged that. At the same time, this paper also cited the importance of having a general knowledge of the incidence, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and potential treatments required before digging into the rest of the DCM conversation. Let’s have a look:

Incidence & Genetics

The most common cardiovascular disease in canines is chronic degenerative valve disease (approx. 75%), followed by DCM as the second most common. The incidence of DCM appears to be 0.5 and 1.3% of the population, with the majority of cases being an inherited, genetically linked condition.1  In context, the estimated population of dogs in the United States equals 77,000,000 which suggests a minimum of 308,000 to 1,001,000 dogs in the United States have DCM at any given time. Certain breeds and male dogs are often reported to have a higher incidence of DCM – with most cases appearing in middle age to older dogs.1  It was thought that mixed breed dogs had a greater protection against developing genetically linked types of DCM, however statistics show this is not the case. The authors highlight the need for more research in both purebred and mixed breed dogs and the genetic relationship to DCM.

Manifestation & Diagnostics

Clinical manifestation, or presentation of the disease is elusive in many cases. Most dogs have no outward symptoms in the beginning stages of the disease. If undiagnosed DCM progresses on to include decreased efficiency and effectiveness of the heart muscle leading to exercise intolerance, congestive heart failure (CHF), syncope (passing out), and even sudden death. Unfortunately, sometimes there are no outward symptoms, and sudden death is the only sign, especially in Doberman Pinschers1.

The smallest section of the paper titled “Histopathological Manifestation” has one of the most interesting facts in the entire review: “Histopathological changes vary from myocardial samples in dogs with DCM, reflecting the numerous underlying etiologies.” Simply put, biopsies, or samples of heart muscle from various dogs are showing multiple and variable changes to the cardiac tissue that indicate differing causative factors. These factors could include arrythmia, genetics, hypothyroid disease, doxorubicin (chemotherapy), myocarditis, digestive impairment, low protein diets, high fiber diets and deficiencies of l-carnitine, taurine, sulfur amino acids – among many others.1

While the gold standard of diagnostics in humans, cardiac muscle biopsy is rarely conducted in canines due to the invasive nature and high cost of the procedure.  Traditional diagnostics used to rule out other diseases and arrive at a DCM diagnosis include, but are not limited to radiograph(x-ray), echocardiogram, electrocardiogram (EKG), 24-Holter monitoring, and cardiac biomarkers (blood testing). Often, many of these options are limited due to accessibility due to location and the cost prohibitive nature of some of these tests.

Presumptive Diagnosis & Misdiagnosis

As a result of limited access to testing for various reasons, presumptive diagnosis and misdiagnosis are of concern. For example, both left and right sided valve disease may lead to characteristics that could lead to pathologies that resemble DCM. In addition, neoplasia, CHF, pericarditis and left atrial rupture can all cause pericardial effusion which leads to increased silhouette of the heart.1 Ignoring these other potential disease pathologies could lead to misdiagnosis and result in inadequate treatment.

Treatment of DCM

As we’ve learned within the past two years treatment of cases of DCM vary widely, and are complicated by accompanying disease states, age and nutritional status – among other factors. In general, treatment of DCM depends largely on the severity of disease. Treatment for primary DCM can involve use of pharmaceutical drugs, management of arrythmias, l-carnitine supplementation, taurine supplementation, and diet change. Management of secondary DCM may focus on treating the underlying condition in addition to the treatments listed above.1

Nutrition Considerations:

Choline – an abundant nutrient having several important roles within the body and potentially several that may influence DCM in different ways. In humans, choline is important for the regeneration from methionine from homocysteine. When choline is deficient elevated homocysteine elevations occur which likely increases risk of cardiovascular disease. Additional risks related to choline may be indicated by its involvement in the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) which promotes inflammation and cardiovascular disease development in humans.1

This review states that choline is deserving of more research to determine if there is a relationship to DCM in canines. It’s important to call out that much of the information in the discussion on choline is from human data highlighting the knowledge gap in this area.

Methionine and Cysteine – These are sulfur containing amino acids which are involved in the synthesis of taurine. There are multiple factors that influence the synthesis of taurine from these two precursors. These influences include low bioavailability, thermal processing of food, diet formulation, deficiency of methionine which is a limiting amino acid – among others. In addition, sulfur amino acid requirements may vary between breed and size of dogs.1

Again, we need more research to determine breed, size and potentially age specific requirements for these nutrients.1 It’s also important to note that we lack the ability to measure functional adequacy of these nutrients highlighting another knowledge gap.

Taurine – Another sulfur containing amino acid, is not considered essential in dogs. This is because canines can synthesize taurine on their own. Taurine is an essential amino acid for cardiovascular function, skeletal muscle, nervous system function and as a component bile acids. Since the initial DCM investigation taurine has been questioned as being essential, however insufficient data exist to make any conclusions.1  That being said, canines with various cardiovascular diseases have been found to have low taurine levels. Further research is needed to determine if low bioavailability of taurine, low taurine synthesis and/or increased requirement of taurine are factors in these pathologies.

Taurine status is also deserving of more research. It is likely that various breeds, and disease states have different taurine requirements. In addition, several factors may influence bioavailability and synthesis of this amino acid. Variables affecting these factors need to be studied in a controlled environment.

Carnitine – Another nutrient that has been given attention is carnitine. This is because carnitine is beta-oxidized to generate continued energy, and 60% of cardiac energy production is through beta-oxidation. Therefore, deficiency or increased need of carnitine may cause cardiac dysfunction leading to cardiac disease such as DCM.1  Like other nutrition considerations discussed, functional assessments for carnitine status are lacking through blood testing. In order to accurately measure carnitine, biopsy of the heart muscle is required. 

Taurine, carnitine and a variety of other nutrients and amino acids require specific balances of vitamins and minerals in bioavailable forms for proper function. Examples include, but are not limited to zinc, iron, selenium and niacin. This means that adequate levels of carnitine or taurine could be present but be unable to be utilized properly by the body.

Thiamine – Insufficient evidence exists regarding thiamine deficiency and cardiac function in canines. However, thiamine does play a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and specific amino acids. Thiamine can also be rendered unavailable by the presence of certain enzymes in some foods. In short, more research is needed to determine if thiamine deficiency, or lack of bioavailability, potentially contributes to the disease process of DCM in dogs. 

Copper – Copper is known to play an important role of many enzyme functions, hemoglobin synthesis, nerve structure and function, blood vessels and various tissues. Copper deficiency on cardiac health has been studied in other species, but not dogs. While copper is routinely supplemented, it’s status could be negatively impacted by excess zinc and/or iron.1 This again indicates another knowledge gap in the area of canine nutrition and DCM. 

Vitamin E – Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant which has links to cardioprotective mechanisms. Dogs with DCM have been found to have lower vitamin E in comparison to healthy dogs.

Selenium – Selenium deficiency may be related to reduced ability for cysteine synthesis. In addition, selenium deficiency results in increased oxidative stress, and decreases other antioxidant activity. Further, decreased bioavailability of selenium may inhibit the absorption of other metabolic constituents creating further complications. Additional research is needed to determine the involvement of selenium in the pathology of DCM.

Heavy Metals & Other Toxin Considerations:

Heavy metals and various toxins have well documented roles of nutrient interference in humans, canines and other species:

  • Cyanide can increase the sulfur amino acid requirement
  • Certain raw foods (fruits/vegetables) can inhibit iodine function and increase risk of hypothyroid disease
  • Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury increase taurine requirements since taurine detoxifies these metals

Limitations in Current Available Data:

We know that DCM in dogs is not a new concern. Given that, we also know there are significant limitations to research studies currently available due to small sample sizes, sample bias, sample parameter inconsistencies, lack of complete data and known genetic predisposition. Extrapolating data from a small sample size to a large population can be highly inaccurate because subsets of populations are likely to skew results. 

In addition, confounding variables and lack of control for independent variables can infer correlation when none exists. 

The FDA Reports & Sample:

The sample population from the FDA reports resulted from a call for submission of DCM cases in dogs eating suspect (boutique, exotic, grain-free) diets. This resulted in a polluted data set for multiple reasons, including breed reporting, media attention, lack of all confirmed and suspect DCM cases reported, and other confounding factors such as health status of the dog. These confounding factors include obesity and other underlying conditions and diseases.

Summary:

As discussed, DCM has many etiologies, and many variables affecting disease manifestation. Considerable research is needed into these etiologies, and this paper largely serves as a call to action. While researchers state no definitive link can be found between DCM and ‘BEG’ diets, the largest points are that all etiologies of DCM need more investigation and science of nutrition is complex, and oversimplifying suspicions can lead to misguided and incorrect conclusions.

Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

Link to article: https://academic.oup.com/jas/article/98/6/skaa155/5857674?fbclid=IwAR3A8FdX_DBMbEsi8CGh3tyBgNmSoy712FQf-sUkt4k2n2Ch_larxBQ0aJw

1.         McCauley SR, Clark SD, Quest BW, Streeter RM, Oxford EM. Review of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in the wake of diet-associated concerns. J Anim Sci. 2020;98(6). doi:10.1093/jas/skaa155

NorthPoint Pets team

How to Ensure Quality and Transparency in Pet Products

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The Importance of Transparency in the Pet Industry

Transparency is a buzzword that has been used frequently in recent years, especially by companies within the pet industry. However, it’s important to note that transparency is not just a feel-good term – it’s a crucial aspect that should be present in all pet products, including food and supplements. The lack of transparency in the pet industry can have severe consequences for both pets and their owners.

The Dangers of Poor Transparency

Many pet products, including food and supplements, lack transparency, quality control, and accountability. This means that there may be toxins, poor sourcing, and formulation errors that can potentially harm pets. In the past, there have been recalls of pet food and supplements due to vitamin D and melamine recalls, pathogen recalls, and other contamination and formulation issues.

The Lack of Accountability and Standards in the Pet Industry

Pet food and supplement manufacturers often cut corners and do not do their due diligence because there are no set standards and accountability measures in place. Major organizations such as the FDA, AAFCO, WSAVA, and PNA have minimal standards, and these standards can be influenced by corporate funding. As a result, it’s often difficult for these organizations to police everyone all the time.

There are minimal requirements for foods, supplements, and other pet products to come to market. Some organizations allow these products to come to market without any adequacy testing, digestibility, or feeding trials. Unfortunately, animals often become sick or die before red flags are raised and an investigation is initiated. This underscores the need for more transparency and accountability in the pet industry.

reading a pet food ingredient label

Ask Questions Verifying Pet Food Quality:

  • Do you conduct a 3rd party nutrition analysis on all of your finished products?
    • Do your products meet an AAFCO profile?
    • Are you willing to provide a copy of that analysis? Note that most companies are deceptive and provide Target analysis, which is predicted. This does not equal a typical analysis, be careful
  • Do you conduct 3rd party digestibility studies for each of your formulas?
    • Do you make those publicly available?
  • Do you source any ingredients from China? Are you willing to provide certificates of origin? 
    • Note that ingredients from China are not necessarily bad as long as they are well-sourced, they are ensuring and verifying quality and purity via analysis and contamination testing. 
  • Do you complete analysis of your final product to ensure the formulation is correct and ensure there are not any contamination issues?

Keep in mind that digestibility and typical nutrient analysis mean nothing without the other. Digestibility shows the amount of nutrients absorbed. The analysis shows the amount of nutrients contained within a product.

Beware of the word proprietary – this does not hold a strong argument and may imply a lack of testing, or inadequate testing.

Ask Questions Verifying Supplement Quality:

When looking for any supplement for yourself or your pets you must ask the manufacturing company the following questions:

  • Do you inbound test your raw and/or concentrated ingredients for contaminants such as heavy metals, fertilizers, and other agricultural chemicals?
  • Do you test your ingredients, specifically active ingredients to ensure their concentrations are correct?
  • Do you source any ingredients from China? 
    • Are you willing to provide certificates of origin? 
    • Note that ingredients from China are not necessarily bad as long as they are well-sourced and they are verifying quality and purity. 
  • Do you complete analysis of your final product to ensure the formulation is correct and ensure there are not any contamination issues? This is important to ensure that active ingredients match the label.
    • Are you willing to provide an analysis for each lot/batch of your final product?
  • Do your company and products meet requirements to utilize the NASC (National Animal Supplement Council) seal?
    • I would not recommend supplement companies that are not members of the NASC, especially CBD companies.

Advice to Consumers

This is not a comprehensive list by any stretch. The key take away is that consumers should start asking questions of manufacturers in order to encourage change. The reality is that very few companies can answer these questions because most do not adequately test their products at all stages. By opening up a dialogue about the importance of doing so can help prevent future issues within the industry.

If companies are unwilling to transparently answer these questions or use the excuse of information being proprietary I would strongly suggest that you find another brand. Not being transparent or testing products when it comes to ensuring safety is unacceptable. Brands that are not meeting these standards could potentially be poisoning the market for other companies who do their due diligence. As consumers demand better.

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

Journal of Animal Science Article Full Summary, Volume 98, Issue 6, June 2020

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BACKGROUND & HISTORY OF DCM INVESTIGATION

In June of 2018, Lisa Freeman, a board-certified veterinary nutritionist from Tufts University published a blog titled “A broken heart: Risk of heart disease in boutique or grain-free diets and exotic ingredients.” This blog warned pet owners and veterinarians that ‘BEG’ (boutique, exotic, grain free) diets were causing heart disease in dogs. This left professionals and the public scrambling for more information, which was further fueled by media frenzy. As a result, the FDA launched an investigation which was complicated by sampling bias, overrepresentation of subgroups and confounding variables. For the past two years, despite additional commentary articles, scarce and vague scientific data and inconclusive FDA reports, information regarding DCM has been incomplete at best. Lack of information has been accompanied by abbreviated synopses of case studies with multiple variables and treatments, incomplete medical information and conflicting medical data and opinions from veterinary nutrition influencers.1

The reality is that there are many variables that may, or may not, impact the onset, disease process and outcome of DCM. Available studies lack evaluation of isolated variables in a controlled environment free from sampling bias. For example, many unknowns exist surrounding numerous nutrients, genetics, hypothyroidism, myocarditis, arrythmias and other diet-related etiologies.1

[vc_single_image image=”3552″ img_size=”full”]

CRITICAL PART OF THE CONVERSATION: DCM DISEASE PROCESS & ROLE OF NUTRITION

One of the largest points of contention within this investigation is that pet owners and even some within the veterinary community are unaware of the multiple etiologies and the complex relation of nutrition to DCM. Causative factors behind DCM have been oversimplified to blame grain-free foods – which is fundamentally incorrect and is a disservice to the field of nutrition and the health and wellbeing of pets.

Any self-respecting nutritionist knows that nutrients, not ingredients, make up a well-formulated diet. Nutrition is far more complex than this 2-year conversation has given credit to – and this review acknowledged that. At the same time, this paper also cited the importance of having a general knowledge of the incidence, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and potential treatments required before digging into the rest of the DCM conversation. Let’s have a look:

 

Incidence & Genetics

The most common cardiovascular disease in canines is chronic degenerative valve disease (approx. 75%), followed by DCM as the second most common. The incidence of DCM appears to be 0.5 and 1.3% of the population, with the majority of cases being an inherited, genetically linked condition.1 Certain breeds and male dogs are often reported to have a higher incidence of DCM – with most cases appearing in middle age to older dogs.1 It was thought that mixed breed dogs had a greater protection against developing genetically linked types of DCM, however statistics show this is not the case. The authors highlight the need for more research in both purebred and mixed breed dogs and the genetic relationship to DCM.

 

Manifestation & Diagnostics

Clinical manifestation, or presentation of the disease is elusive in many cases. Most dogs have no outward symptoms in the beginning stages of the disease. If undiagnosed DCM progresses on to include decreased efficiency and effectiveness of the heart muscle leading to exercise intolerance, congestive heart failure (CHF), syncope (passing out), and even sudden death. Unfortunately, sometimes there are no outward symptoms, and sudden death is the only sign, especially in Doberman Pinschers1.

The smallest section of the paper titled “Histopathological Manifestation” has one of the most interesting facts in the entire review: “Histopathological changes vary from myocardial samples in dogs with DCM, reflecting the numerous underlying etiologies.” Simply put, biopsies, or samples of heart muscle from various dogs are showing multiple and variable changes to the cardiac tissue that indicate differing causative factors. These factors could include arrythmia, genetics, hypothyroid disease, doxorubicin (chemotherapy), myocarditis, digestive impairment, low protein diets, high fiber diets and deficiencies of l-carnitine, taurine, sulfur amino acids – among many others.1

While the gold standard of diagnostics in humans, cardiac muscle biopsy is rarely conducted in canines due to the invasive nature and high cost of the procedure. Traditional diagnostics used to rule out other diseases and arrive at a DCM diagnosis include, but are not limited to radiograph(x-ray), echocardiogram, electrocardiogram (EKG), 24-Holter monitoring, and cardiac biomarkers (blood testing). Often, many of these options are limited due to accessibility due to location and the cost prohibitive nature of some of these tests.

 

Presumptive Diagnosis & Misdiagnosis

As a result of limited access to testing for various reasons, presumptive diagnosis and misdiagnosis are of concern. For example, both left and right sided valve disease may lead to characteristics that could lead to pathologies that resemble DCM. In addition, neoplasia, CHF, pericarditis and left atrial rupture can all cause pericardial effusion which leads to increased silhouette of the heart.1 Ignoring these other potential disease pathologies could lead to misdiagnosis and result in inadequate treatment.

 

Treatment of DCM

As we’ve learned within the past two years treatment of cases of DCM vary widely, and are complicated by accompanying disease states, age and nutritional status – among other factors. In general, treatment of DCM depends largely on the severity of disease. Treatment for primary DCM can involve use of pharmaceutical drugs, management of arrythmias, l-carnitine supplementation, taurine supplementation, and diet change. Management of secondary DCM may focus on treating the underlying condition in addition to the treatments listed above.1

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NUTRITION CONSIDERATIONS:

Choline – an abundant nutrient having several important roles within the body and potentially several that may influence DCM in different ways. In humans, choline is important for the regeneration from methionine from homocysteine. When choline is deficient elevated homocysteine elevations occur which likely increases risk of cardiovascular disease. Additional risks related to choline may be indicated by its involvement in the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) which promotes inflammation and cardiovascular disease development in humans.1

This review states that choline is deserving of more research to determine if there is a relationship to DCM in canines. It’s important to call out that much of the information in the discussion on choline is from human data highlighting the knowledge gap in this area.

Methionine and Cysteine – These are sulfur containing amino acids which are involved in the synthesis of taurine. There are multiple factors that influence the synthesis of taurine from these two precursors. These influences include low bioavailability, thermal processing of food, diet formulation, deficiency of methionine which is a limiting amino acid – among others. In addition, sulfur amino acid requirements may vary between breed and size of dogs.1

Again, we need more research to determine breed, size and potentially age specific requirements for these nutrients.1 It’s also important to note that we lack the ability to measure functional adequacy of these nutrients highlighting another knowledge gap.

Taurine – Another sulfur containing amino acid, is not considered essential in dogs. This is because canines can synthesize taurine on their own. Taurine is an essential amino acid for cardiovascular function, skeletal muscle, nervous system function and as a component bile acids. Since the initial DCM investigation taurine has been questioned as being essential, however insufficient data exist to make any conclusions.1 That being said, canines with various cardiovascular diseases have been found to have low taurine levels. Further research is needed to determine if low bioavailability of taurine, low taurine synthesis and/or increased requirement of taurine are factors in these pathologies.

Taurine status is also deserving of more research. It is likely that various breeds, and disease states have different taurine requirements. In addition, several factors may influence bioavailability and synthesis of this amino acid. Variables affecting these factors need to be studied in a controlled environment.

Carnitine – Another nutrient that has been given attention is carnitine. This is because carnitine is beta-oxidized to generate continued energy, and 60% of cardiac energy production is through beta-oxidation. Therefore, deficiency or increased need of carnitine may cause cardiac dysfunction leading to cardiac disease such as DCM.1 Like other nutrition considerations discussed, functional assessments for carnitine status are lacking through blood testing. In order to accurately measure carnitine, biopsy of the heart muscle is required.

Taurine, carnitine and a variety of other nutrients and amino acids require specific balances of vitamins and minerals in bioavailable forms for proper function. Examples include, but are not limited to zinc, iron, selenium and niacin. This means that adequate levels of carnitine or taurine could be present but be unable to be utilized properly by the body.

Thiamine – Insufficient evidence exists regarding thiamine deficiency and cardiac function in canines. However, thiamine does play a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and specific amino acids. Thiamine can also be rendered unavailable by the presence of certain enzymes in some foods. In short, more research is needed to determine if thiamine deficiency, or lack of bioavailability, potentially contributes to the disease process of DCM in dogs.

Copper – Copper is known to play an important role of many enzyme functions, hemoglobin synthesis, nerve structure and function, blood vessels and various tissues. Copper deficiency on cardiac health has been studied in other species, but not dogs. While copper is routinely supplemented, it’s status could be negatively impacted by excess zinc and/or iron.1 This again indicates another knowledge gap in the area of canine nutrition and DCM.

Vitamin E – Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant which has links to cardioprotective mechanisms. Dogs with DCM have been found to have lower vitamin E in comparison to healthy dogs.

Selenium – Selenium deficiency may be related to reduced ability for cysteine synthesis. In addition, selenium deficiency results in increased oxidative stress, and decreases other antioxidant activity. Further, decreased bioavailability of selenium may inhibit the absorption of other metabolic constituents creating further complications. Additional research is needed to determine the involvement of selenium in the pathology of DCM.

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Heavy Metals & Other Toxin Considerations:

Heavy metals and various toxins have well documented roles of nutrient interference in humans, canines and other species:

  • Cyanide can increase the sulfur amino acid requirement
  • Certain raw foods (fruits/vegetables) can inhibit iodine function and increase risk of hypothyroid disease
  • Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury increase taurine requirements since taurine detoxifies these metals
Limitations in Current Available Data:

We know that DCM in dogs is not a new concern. Given that, we also know there are significant limitations to research studies currently available due to small sample sizes, sample bias, sample parameter inconsistencies, lack of complete data and known genetic predisposition. Extrapolating data from a small sample size to a large population can be highly inaccurate because subsets of populations are likely to skew results.

In addition, confounding variables and lack of control for independent variables can infer correlation when none exists.

 

The FDA Reports & Sample:

The sample population from the FDA reports resulted from a call for submission of DCM cases in dogs eating suspect (boutique, exotic, grain-free) diets. This resulted in a polluted data set for multiple reasons, including breed reporting, media attention, lack of all confirmed and suspect DCM cases reported, and other confounding factors such as health status of the dog. These confounding factors include obesity and other underlying conditions and diseases.

 

SUMMARY

As discussed, DCM has many etiologies, and many variables affecting disease manifestation. Considerable research is needed into these etiologies, and this paper largely serves as a call to action. While researchers state no definitive link can be found between DCM and ‘BEG’ diets, the largest points are that all etiologies of DCM need more investigation and science of nutrition is complex, and oversimplifying suspicions can lead to misguided and incorrect conclusions.

 

1. McCauley SR, Clark SD, Quest BW, Streeter RM, Oxford EM. Review of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in the wake of diet-associated concerns. J Anim Sci. 2020;98(6). doi:10.1093/jas/skaa155

The Truth About Feeding Your Pet Raw Goat Milk

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If you’re looking for a natural supplement to enhance your pet’s nutrition and hydration, raw goat milk can be an excellent option. This milk is often added to kibble, canned, and raw pet food to provide additional health benefits. Unlike pasteurized milk, raw goat milk retains essential nutrients and probiotics that can aid common digestive issues in pets. However, it’s crucial to keep in mind that consuming unpasteurized milk poses a higher risk of exposure to harmful pathogens. In this blog post, we will explore the scientific evidence supporting the use of raw goat milk as a dietary supplement for cats and dogs.

Truthfully? It’s Both Fact & Fictionraw pet food with goat milk

Many pet food companies claim that goat milk can be a miracle cure for digestive problems, allergies, and even appetite stimulation. However, these claims are not backed up by any scientific studies or peer-reviewed research specifically focused on cats and dogs. Of particular concern is the recommendation to use goat milk as a sole milk replacement for orphaned puppies and kittens. This is not a safe or sufficient source of nutrition, as we will explain below. While goat milk does have some benefits, it’s important to be aware of the misinformation that can surround it.

Goat milk is indeed different from cow milk and can be easier to digest due to its smaller fat globules.2 In addition, it contains a wide range of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and fatty acids that could potentially boost your pet’s immune system and help with common allergy issues. However, there is a lack of published research to support these anecdotal claims of benefit for cats and dogs consuming goat milk.

Is Goat Milk Complete and Balanced for Cats & Dogs?

As a supplement to a complete and balanced diet, goat milk and milk products have the potential to provide benefit. However, this should not be considered as the sole source of nutrition. The major reason for this is because goats are ruminants. The word ruminant comes from the Latin word ruminare, which means “to chew over again.”3 Ruminants are mammals that eat a plant-based diet. We know that dogs and cats are omnivores and carnivores respectively, and their diet is therefore vastly different. Because their diet is different, the composition of their milk will also be different from that of another species. Considering this it is important to note that goat milk is inadequate to nutritionally sustain other infant species on its own. 

For orphaned puppies and kittens, or those that need supplementation it is best to consider a balanced milk replacer or finding a species appropriate milk donor.4

Nutrient Content of Various Species Milk

Comparing the nutrient content of milk from dogs, cats, cows and goats we can consider the following5:

  • Fat contained in cow and goat milk is less than half that in dog and cat milk
  • Protein contained within cow and goat milk is less than half that in dog and cat milk
  • Calcium & phosphorus content of cow and goat milk is significantly lower than that of dog and cat milk which can risk deficiency and proper skeletal development
  • Lactose amounts are higher in cow and goat milk than in cat and dog milk. This can cause diarrhea and dehydration leading to further complications.
  • Because the fat content of cow and goat milk is much lower than cat and dog milk, the calorie content is also significantly lower. This means that dogs and cats, especially puppies and kittens would not adequately be able to consume all of the calories and nutrients necessary for proper growth and development
  • Per this chart, the analysis of cat and dog milk is closer to each other than either cow or goat milk

Not All Bad News

The above points do not negate the practice of feeding goat milk products to pets. In fact, especially for kibble fed pets, raw goat milk provides increased moisture intake, which can improve digestion. Probiotic benefits of raw goat milk also cannot be ignored. Goat milk can also entice picky eaters since dogs and cats both love the taste. It can be used intermittently, or during fasting for those pets who may need light or bland meals due to certain conditions. While most pets can benefit from raw goat milk as a dietary supplement, it is potentially most beneficial for pets with digestive issues and those in need of immune support. 

Raw goat’s milk can be given to your pet by itself as a treat, as a topper for raw food, canned food, or over kibble. 

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

References:

1. Katafiasz AR, Bartlett P, Lansing E. Motivation for Unpasteurized Milk Consumption in Michigan, 201. :5.

2. Lad SS, Aparnathi KD, Mehta B, Velpula S. Goat Milk in Human Nutrition and Health – A Review. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2017;6(5):1781-1792. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.194

3. Latin Definition for: rumino, ruminare, ruminavi, ruminatus (ID: 33778) – Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources – Latdict. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://latin-dictionary.net/definition/33778/rumino-ruminare-ruminavi-ruminatus

4. Can goat milk be used as a milk replacer for puppies and kittens? University of Wisconsin Madison Shelter Medicine Program. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.uwsheltermedicine.com/library/resources/can-goat-milk-be-used-as-a-milk-replacer-for-puppies-and-kittens

5.  Hand et. al. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 5th ed. Mark Morris Institute

 

Are All Human Foods Dangerous for Dogs?

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Every day there is more information made available to educate owners on various diets available. Commonly discussed and debated topics include grain-free foods and the age-old practice of giving your pets “table food.” Should we feed human food to our pets? The short answer is it depends. Some of these foods can be very beneficial and some could have unintended negative consequences.

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fresh strawberries for dogs

Should I Feed My Pet Fresh Fruits & Vegetables?

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Should we be adding fresh fruits and vegetables to our pet’s meals?

It seems like every week, we hear one thing and the next week it changes (like the great butter vs margarine debate). When it comes to our pets, nutrition is almost like a religion with many different beliefs and philosophies. Unfortunately, many of these arguments are based more on emotion than science. Although there is scientific evidence to support various nutrition philosophies, the interpretation of evidence can lead to potentially unsafe practices.

To make matters worse, marketing practices can further confuse pet owners and veterinarians, leaving them unable to distinguish fact from fiction. Despite this, we have seen significant shifts in recommendations for both humans and pets and diet-related diseases like insulin-dependent diabetes and obesity cannot be ignored. In humans, there is ample evidence to support a causal relationship between high intake of processed foods (containing refined carbohydrates/sugars) and insulin-dependent diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic-related diseases. It makes sense that we would worry about the same issues in our pets, considering that most dry pet foods contain between 40-60% refined carbohydrates.

Can Pets Digest Carbohydrates?

We know vegetables are important in the human diet, some more nutritionally beneficial than others, and the same applies to our pets. While the debate amongst many within the pet nutrition industry may disagree – our dogs are not wolves (read more here), and they can digest carbohydrates. While the ability to do this varies between various breeds, the focus of this blog isn’t the ability of our pets to digest carbs – instead, it is the benefits they obtain from fiber, antioxidants, and other phytochemicals contained within fruits and vegetables.

Our canines & felines need muscle meat, organ & bone partly due to the bioavailability of amino acids and other nutrients. If you were to give your dog the option of meat or plants/vegetables, studies show they would choose meat. However, when offered together, most dogs and some cats will consume fruit or vegetables too. Some trial and error with various cooking methods, chopping, mincing, or even blending in a food processor may entice those who may be pickier.

Why Supplementing Your Pet’s Diet with Vegetables is Importanthungry dog with fruit and vegetable bowl

As a pet owner, you may wonder if it’s necessary to supplement your pet’s diet with vegetables, especially if they don’t seem to like them. After all, isn’t pet food already complete and balanced? While pet food does provide the necessary nutrients, adding vegetables to your pet’s diet can provide additional benefits.

Vegetables and plants are abundant in vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fiber, and even beneficial bacteria. However, for pets that primarily consume canned and/or kibble food, adding fresh plant-based foods can provide protective benefits. Canned and kibble foods tend to have high levels of carcinogenic chemicals called advanced glycation end products, or AGEs.

The Negative Effects of AGEs

AGEs are naturally present in animal-based products, and additional AGEs form during the cooking process. Since dogs and cats primarily eat these types of food their entire life, their toxic load is much higher as a result. Toxic loads can negatively impact various organ systems, overall health, and even shorten the lifespan of pets and people.

The good news is that antioxidants and other phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables, particularly leafy greens and berries, help to ward off some of the negative effects of AGEs. By adding fresh, organic, raw, or lightly cooked plants and veggies to your pet’s diet, you can help to reduce the toxic load and improve their overall health.

The Limitations of Commercial Pet Food

Even the best raw, kibble, or dehydrated foods lack the benefits of fresh, organic, raw, or lightly cooked plants and veggies. By supplementing your pet’s diet with fresh plant-based foods, you can help to provide a well-rounded and balanced diet that supports their health and well-being.

Fruits and veggies you can feed to your pets include:
  • Leafy greens (rotate for variety)
  • Green beans
  • Broccoli/Cauliflower
  • Summer squash
  • Blueberries
  • Watermelon
  • Pineapple
  • Apples

….just to name a few!

What Foods are Safe for Dogs and Cats?

While there are only a few things dogs and cats can’t have, quantity is what matters. Here are some guidelines to keep in mind:

  • Monitor Onion Intake – Large amounts of onions can cause Heinz body anemia in pets, but small amounts in tomato sauce are usually fine. Garlic is safe in moderation and may benefit the immune system, while also serving as an effective flea & tick preventative.
  • Avoid Grapes and Avocados – Grapes and avocados may affect pets differently, so it’s best to avoid them altogether.
  • Experiment with Fruits and Vegetables – It’s okay to experiment with new fruits and vegetables one at a time, and observe for any adverse reactions. Fresh and healthy table food can be shared with your pet in moderation. 
  • Cats and High-Starch Foods – For cats specifically, avoid high-starch foods like potatoes, pumpkin, and grain-based products. Cats lack adequate enzymes to digest carbohydrates. Instead, focus on low-starch vegetables that are rich in antioxidants to support their digestive system.

How much to add?

These additions for cats should be kept low, however, they can be added to dog’s diets in greater amounts. Cats should consume no more than 5%, and dogs should be no more than 15-20%.

 

*This article is for informational purposes only. It is not meant to provide medical advice or replace the advice of a qualified veterinarian.

 

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicole is the founder & owner of multiple-award winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut, USA. She has completed undergraduate work in biological sciences, business and holds an M.S. in Nutrition. Currently, Nicole is pursuing a PhD in Comparative Biomedical Sciences (Canine Nutrition/Metabolomics) at the prestigious University of Georgia in the USA.
Her background includes experience in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading figures in the human and pet health industries. Nicole has been heavily involved in police canine nutrition within the USA, helping to improve the modern care and feeding of working dogs. Her interests include working dog nutrition, raw feeding, pathogens, metabolomics, and nutrition’s relationship to disease in humans and canines. Her current research involves the exploration of the canine urinary metabolome and the relationship to diet.

Publications: Cammack, N.R., Yamka, R.M., and Adams, V.J. (2021). Low Number of Owner-Reported Suspected Transmission of Foodborne Pathogens From Raw Meat-Based Diets Fed to Dogs and/or Cats. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.741575.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.741575/full

Contact:

www.northpointpets.com

https://www.linkedin.com/in/nicole-cammack-8400084b/?trk=author_mini-profile_title

 

 

Just Because It Looks Like Science Doesn’t Mean It Is

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On April 21, 2020, AVMA shared a CIDRAP article on MDR pathogens in raw meat diets for dogs.

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improving bowl of dry kibble

How to Improve the Quality of Dry Food

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We recommend a variety of supplements for varying reasons, however the most common reason is to improve upon a kibble. Here are some of our favorite tips for improving the health of your pet on dry food:

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Why Dogs and Cats Eat Grass: Understanding Your Pet’s Natural Behavior and Health Needs

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Many people believe that pets eating grass are a sign of an upset stomach, but this is usually not the case. In fact, it’s perfectly natural and healthy for dogs and cats to eat grass.

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