why does my cat puke

Why Does My Cat Puke?

Vomiting is one of the most commonly reported clinical signs noted in feline veterinary exams. While many cat owners fancy their cats as just having “sensitive stomachs” or simply “eating too fast”, chronic vomiting is not by any means healthy or ‘normal’.

Yellow Dog running w/ Tennis ball

MSM: A Boost for Your Dog’s Joint Health

Methylsulfonylmethane, or MSM, enhances joint health & can also help with these six ailments:

  • Blocking Pain Signals
  • Reducing inflammation
  • Increasing nutrient uptake: 
  • Serving as a powerful antioxidant
  • Alleviating allergy symptoms
  • Eliminating parasites

Read full article on Top Dog Health

What Causes Dog Tear Stains? Plus Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

If you’ve noticed tear stains on your dog’s or cat’s face, you’re not alone. Tear staining is a common concern among pet owners, and it can be caused by various factors. While blocked tear ducts and certain breeds are often associated with tear stains, there are other underlying causes that complicate the issue. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the different factors contributing to tear staining and provide practical solutions to prevent and treat this condition. From proper grooming techniques to dietary adjustments and specialized products, we’ll help you find the most effective strategies to address tear stains and restore your pet’s vibrant and clear eyes.

Tear staining, more often than not, is noticed on white pets but can affect any color pet. It makes the color of the coat around the eyes a brown, red, or copper color. It has always been believed that tear staining comes from epiphora (or excessive tear production) – but that’s not always the case. 

Two main factors to consider with tear staining:

  1. A blocked or maldeveloped nasolacrimal duct (where your pet’s tears are formed), can cause overproduction of tears that can lead to tear stains.
  2. Certain breeds have a greater deposition for tear staining.  The most commonly affected are small breeds with longer hair coats. Some examples would be Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Bichon Frise, Maltese, Toy Poodle and others.

dog with tear stainIt’s a common misnomer that the only cause of tear staining in our pets is the overproduction of their tears. Aside from a blocked tear duct and breed, there are plenty of other causes that complicate the main factors listed above:

  • Corneal injury or ulceration
  • Entropion (eyelashes are turned inwards and rub against the eyeball)
  • Infection of the eye 
  • Ear infections (bacteria, yeast)
  • Certain medications
  • pH imbalance
  • Red meat in the diet (iron and other minerals)
  • Poor diet (e.g., excess carbohydrates, vitamin or mineral insufficiency/excess)
  • Stress
  • Teething issues (especially in puppies)
  • The use of plastic food/water bowls 
  • Water Quality

Why are tear stains brown?

The brown color of tear stains comes from porphyrin – iron-containing molecules that come from break down of hemoglobin. These molecules can be excreted through the GI tract, saliva, urine, and tears! The majority of pets have these molecules in their tears, but some pets have more molecules than others, which results in staining. 

Prevention & Treatment for Tear Stains in Cats and Dogs

Trim the Hair around the Eyes

To prevent irritation and inflammation, keep the hair around your pet’s eyes trimmed shorter than the rest of their coat. This helps to avoid hair getting into their eyes and causing discomfort.

Evaluate Your Pet’s Diet

Take a close look at the appropriateness and quality of your pet’s food. Opt for foods that contain high moisture, quality protein, and minimal carbohydrates. Foods with excessive carbohydrates can promote inflammation in the body. Also, steer clear of preservatives, fillers, and additives, as they can trigger inflammatory reactions. Pay attention to the carbohydrate content in your pet’s diet, including treats.

 Monitor pH Levels

pH imbalances in your pet’s body can affect tear staining. Certain medications prescribed by veterinarians, such as omeprazole and Pepcid, can raise stomach pH levels and lower pepsin levels. This can lead to malabsorption and maldigestion. Discuss any medications your pet is taking with your vet to understand their impact on tear staining.

Consider Protein Sources

The protein source in your pet’s food can contribute to tear staining. Red meats, which are high in iron, can intensify tear stains in some pets. If your pet is prone to tear stains, consider eliminating red meats from their diet to see if it helps. The additional iron and magnesium in red meat require extra effort for the body to break down, putting additional stress on the liver. Excess iron intake can lead to an overproduction of porphyrin, the compound responsible for the brown color in tear stains.

Evaluate Drinking Water Quality

Tap water, particularly well water, often contains iron and magnesium, which contribute to the formation of porphyrins. Using filtered water to provide your pet with clean drinking water can help prevent or treat tear stains.

Use Specially Formulated Shampoo

To clean up existing tear stains, opt for specially formulated dry shampoos or waterless shampoos. These products offer better control and are gentler around sensitive eyes, reducing the risk of irritation.

Choose the Right Bowl Material

Avoid using plastic bowls for your pet’s food and water as they can harbor bacteria more easily than glass, ceramic, or stainless steel bowls. Bacteria from the bowl can transfer to your pet’s coat and lead to infection. Regardless of the material, make sure to clean your pet’s bowl regularly with soap and water to prevent the spread of bacteria.

Surgical Option for Entropion

In cases where entropion (inward rolling of the eyelid) is the cause of tear stains, surgical intervention may be necessary. This procedure requires your pet to undergo anesthesia, and the surgeon will remove a section of skin on the eyelid to correct the condition.

Medications, Minerals, and Vitamins

Certain medications, minerals, and vitamins can help treat infections and ulcerations associated with tear stains. Consult with your vet to determine the appropriate options for your pet’s specific condition.

Avoid Overuse of Antibiotics

Overusing antibiotics can disrupt the healthy bacteria in your pet’s gut, which play a role in reducing inflammation. If your pet frequently requires antibiotics, work closely with your vet to identify the underlying cause of recurring infections and find alternative solutions to minimize antibiotic usage.

Topical Solutions for Tear Stains

Nootie offers an affordable and veterinary-quality pre-soaked wipe that helps to remove buildup and prevent staining around the eye. 

EarthBath also offers a waterless eye wipe, although it’s not formulated specifically for tear stains. This product is made with natural and organic ingredients, which help provide a preventative and maintenance solution for less severe staining.

Remember the ears! A high-quality ear cleaning solution can help remove buildup and keep ears and eyes clean. Some ear related issues can contribute to inflammation, including the eyes. Some of our favorites include EarthBath, Earth Animal & Kenic. For stubborn ear buildup, or dogs who spend a lot of time swimming we like Liquid Health’s ear cleaning solution. Our team would be happy to help you pick out the best option for your situation.

Supplements to Help Tear Stains

Omega 3 fatty acids are known to be lacking in most diets for pets and even humans. A high-quality fish oil, manufactured under stringent standards, can effectively reduce inflammation. Additionally, human studies demonstrate the beneficial effects of essential fatty acid supplementation in addressing eye problems [1]. To ensure the highest quality, opt for fish oils packaged in glass (not plastic), stored in the refrigerator, and ethically sourced. We recommend brands like Nordic Naturals, Thorne, and Omega Alpha, all available on our shelves.

Other Tear Stain Solutions

Regular exercise is important!  Just like humans, canines and felines benefit from regular exercise to reduce stress, maintain a healthy weight and promote proper digestion. Exercise promotes blood flow, oxygenation and therefore helps to effectively cleanse all organ systems, including the skin and liver! In addition, regular exercise can help keep bodyweight in check. Excess bodyweight – even a pound or two in cats and dogs – can increase inflammation on many levels. It’s a simple and seemingly small detail that makes a world of difference!

Reduce or eliminate high carbohydrate snacks. Instead, opt for freeze-dried meat, jerky and chews instead of biscuits. The majority of pet biscuits contain minimal or no meat, instead being filled with ingredients like flour, tapioca, molasses, maple syrup, potatoes, and other starches and sugars. These directly influence the amount of inflammation within the body. Some of our favorite pet treats include Small Batch, and Northwest Naturals. You can even supplement some frozen raw food as treats for a healthy and high value treat! Our team will be happy to show you their favorites too – just ask!

Be attentive to additives/preservatives, red meat and excess carbs in your pet’s food. These often tend to cause inflammation and irritation, resulting in tear stains. A fresh, well-balanced diet is best in pet’s who suffer from tear staining! Just remember that it may take several weeks to months to see a difference – patience and consistency will eventually pay off!

References

  1. Bhargava R, Kumar P, Kumar M, Mehra N, Mishra A. A randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome. Int J Ophthalmol. 2013;6(6):811-6. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.13. PubMed PMID: 24392330.

Hold the Kefir!

Kefir has gained recent popularity for pets, but is it all it’s cracked up to be? Science says it’s iffy. The reasoning behind that is that the most common commercial kefir products either did not have the bacterial species it claimed to have, did not have adequate population of those bacteria or the products were mislabeled. Some products even had spelling errors on their packaging!

The most concerning of all was that the website and packaging of many of these products made a wide range of health claims, none of which are supported by the companion animal literature. This doesn’t mean that feeding kefir to your pets is bad per se, but it DOES mean we need to hold pet food companies responsible to safe manufacturing and food handling practices!

https://academic.oup.com/jas/article-abstract/98/9/skaa301/5904066?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Hemp & CBD: Not All CBD is “Natural”

In part II we discussed phytoremediation, and why this is one of the largest hidden risks for those who give CBD to their pets or consume it themselves. To review, cannabis absorbs heavy metals, and many of the agricultural chemicals in the soil such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers. If a company does not have processes and procedures in place that ensure their product is free from contaminants and is actually the concentration that is listed on the label. Don’t believe this is a real issue? Due to a lack of regulation, hemp products have the potential for significant risks.

Consequences Due to Lack of Regulationrisks of hemp products

Unfortunately, due to the phytoremediation properties of hemp, contaminants and formulation errors are common and often go unnoticed. For example, a recent study by Cornell University showed 10 out of 29 CBD products tested were within 10% of the concentration on the label.  That same study also showed that heavy metal contaminants were found in 4 out of 29 products.19 Stop and read that again – because it means that only 34% of the most popular CBD’s were even the correct concentration. Never mind those with contamination issues…Yikes!

Spoiler alert: these are some of the most popular pet CBD supplements on the market today. Most of them are sold locally to Cheshire – so you may want to pay attention.

Lack of regulation for CBD means that companies who are NOT members of the NASC are not required to test raw ingredients or finished products for contaminants or adequacy. Heavy metal contamination, poor sourcing, and/or formulation errors could potentially be a contributing factor to elevated liver function testing and other documented adverse effects relating to hemp & CBD use. This highlights the need to screen companies for adequate product testing and transparency. The reality is that a very small handful of companies can provide verification that their products are contaminant-free, or within concentrations listed on the label.

Ask Questions Verifying Quality

When looking for a CBD product, or any supplement for yourself or your pets you must ask the following questions:

  • Are you a member of the NASC? (pets only)
  • Do you inbound test your raw and concentrated ingredients for contaminants such as heavy metals, fertilizers, and other agricultural chemicals?
  • Do you test your raw ingredients specifically active ingredients to ensure their concentrations are correct?
  • Do you source any ingredients from China?
    • Are you willing to provide certificates of origin?
    • Note that ingredients from China are not necessarily bad if they are responsibly sourced, and they are verifying quality and purity.
  • Do you complete an analysis of your final product to ensure the formulation is correct and ensure there are not any contamination issues? This is important to ensure that active ingredients match the label.

If companies are unwilling to transparently ask these questions or use the excuse of information being proprietary, I would strongly suggest that you find another brand. Not being transparent or testing products when it comes to ensuring safety is unacceptable. Brands that are not meeting these standards could potentially be poisoning the market for other companies who do their due diligence. As consumers, demand better.

Summary

CBD may have its benefits when well-sourced and formulated. While more research is needed, this is a common problem for a lot of supplements and pharmaceuticals on the market. Overall, the risk of adverse effects appears to be low, but consideration should be taken for those pets who may have liver problems.

Some veterinarians are well educated in the CBD landscape and available products, and some simply are not. If your vet is unable to provide information or recommend products it is ok to ask them for someone who can. Many reputable companies do have veterinarians and scientists on-staff that you or your veterinarian may also be able to speak to for more information.

As always, this is a rapidly evolving field. We expect to see changes as the FDA and AVMA begin to release more guidance and information in this area. We also will see more research regarding safety, efficacy, and other applications as time goes on. While it can be frustrating to see both advice and information change, remember this is a good thing and something you should embrace and support!

Did you miss part I, II, III of this series?

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com

www.undogmaticinc.com

References

  1. Sawler J, Stout JM, Gardner KM, et al. The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133292
  2. Marijuana, the Second Trip. Revised Edition by Bloomquist, Edward R.: Good PAPERBACK | Earthlight Books. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.abebooks.com/Marijuana-Second-Trip-Revised-Edition-Bloomquist/22676164305/bd
  3. Kogan L, Schoenfeld-Tacher R, Hellyer P, Rishniw M. US Veterinarians’ Knowledge, Experience, and Perception Regarding the Use of Cannabidiol for Canine Medical Conditions. Front Vet Sci. 2019;5. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00338
  4. Fitzgerald KT, Bronstein AC, Newquist KL. Marijuana Poisoning. Top Companion Anim Med. 2013;28(1):8-12. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.03.004
  5. Mackie K. Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They are and What They do. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20(s1):10-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x
  6. Maroon J, Bost J. Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_45_18
  7. Levinsohn EA, Hill KP. Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2020;411:116717. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717
  8. Mechanisms of CB1 receptor signaling: endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic strength | International Journal of Obesity. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/0803273
  9. Commissioner O of the. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). FDA. Published online March 10, 2020. Accessed June 4, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
  10. Commissioner O of the. FDA Warns Companies Illegally Selling CBD Products to Treat Medical Conditions, Opioid Addiction. FDA. Published April 26, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-companies-illegally-selling-cbd-products-treat-medical-conditions-opioid-addiction
  11. How CBD pet product brands avoid federal warnings. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/8793-how-cbd-pet-product-brands-avoid-federal-warnings
  12. Drug Scheduling. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling
  13. AVMA weighs in at cannabis hearing. American Veterinary Medical Association. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2019-08-15/avma-weighs-cannabis-hearing
  14. FAQs. NASC LIVE. Accessed June 13, 2020. https://nasc.cc/faqs/
  15. Resnik DB. Beyond post-marketing research and MedWatch: Long-term studies of drug risks. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2007;1:1-5.
  16. Deabold KA, Schwark WS, Wolf L, Wakshlag JJ. Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Safety Assessment with Use of CBD-Rich Hemp Nutraceutical in Healthy Dogs and Cats. Animals. 2019;9(10):832. doi:10.3390/ani9100832
  17. McGrath S, Bartner LR, Rao S, Kogan LR, Hellyer PW. A Report of Adverse Effects Associated With the Administration of Cannabidiol in Healthy Dogs. :5.
  18. Commissioner O of the. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD. FDA. Published online March 3, 2020. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
  19. Wakshlag JJ, Cital S, Eaton SJ, Prussin R, Hudalla C. Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements. Vet Med Res Rep. 2020;11:45-55. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S248712

CBD & Hemp: Legal or Illegal?

In Part I of our CBD Education Series we discussed the history of cannabis, which dates back over 6,000 years! We know that hemp and marijuana are both types of cannabis and that THC and CBD are just two types of cannabinoids out of over 400 that exist within cannabis. Even though we’re waiting for research to catch up to the popularity of CBD, we explored how CBD works and the different types of cannabinoids that can interact with the endocannabinoid system of humans or pets. However, Hemp and Marijuana plants can be highly toxic. We are going to discuss the safety and legality of cannabis In Part II of our CBD Education Series. In addition, we’ll explore the FDA stance, the Farm Bill, CBD commerce, and other safety measures. Maybe a bit boring at face value, but if you use CBD for yourself or your pet it would be wise to familiarize yourself with the details.

Legality & The FDA 

As it currently stands the FDA has not approved a marketing application for cannabis for the treatment of any disease or condition.9Further, based on the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) CBD is illegal because it is recognized as a drug for human epilepsy. Based on the historical actions of the FDA, its current status as an approved drug establishes a low likelihood of CBD being approved as a supplement or food ingredient, but this has not stopped companies from using CBD in supplements and treats. The FDA is unlikely to enforce this legality if companies eliminate the use of ‘CBD’ on the label and avoid claims such as ‘cures, treats, prevents or mitigates’ a disease or condition. Many companies have complied, but unfortunately, some companies have continued to use ‘CBD’ on the label, and/or make unsubstantiated claims. As a result, the FDA regularly issues warning letters to companies who make these claims.10 In addition, it is important to note that CBD is not legally able to be included as an ingredient in pet food.

dog sleeping on floor

The rules and regulations for hemp and marijuana are different with each having separate statutory definitions:

  • Marijuana typically refers to plants with high concentrations of THC, the psychotropic drug used for medicinal or recreational purposes.1
  • In contrast, hemp is typically cultivated for use in personal care products, nutritional supplements, and fabrics. It contains higher amounts of CBD, which does not have psychotropic properties.3 THC must remain at a concentration of 0.3% or less on a dry weight basis.

The Farm Bill & Decriminalization Clarification

In 2018 the Hemp Farming Act (part of the Farm Bill), decriminalized hemp and lifted the ban on hemp as an agricultural commodity. The act also removed industrial hemp from Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act (CSA). However, contrary to popular perception, it did not make hemp products, including CBD and activities surrounding their commerce legal11. Marijuana continues to remain a schedule I substance as of the date of this publication.12 As discussed earlier, the difference between these two being that hemp contains a very low amount of the psychoactive compound THC. The move to decriminalize hemp, and allow for responsible use in veterinary medicine is one that many veterinarians support, as many recognize its potential benefit according to a recent survey.3

Without formal regulation and guidance from organizations such as the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the FDA regarding CBD use it leaves a lot of unknowns, and potential room for problems. The AVMA has pressed the FDA for regulatory action and clarification citing its potential therapeutic benefit.13  What many don’t understand is that much of the lack of guidance from these organizations has largely to do with a lack of data and research. The FDA currently is working to support drug development from CBD, and actively collect research surrounding its use. The FDA states, as data become available that are high-quality, reliable, and relevant to our evaluation of CBD products that fall under the FDA’s purview, we will be able to refine – and, perhaps in some cases, revise – our thinking and approaches9.

Toxic Cannabis & Phytoremediation

One of the most glaring problems within the hemp and supplement market is the lack of accountability and product adequacy testing. When it comes to toxic screening, cannabis in all form are of concern, because it can be a highly toxic plant. This is because it performs a process called phytoremediation. Meaning that cannabis absorbs heavy metals and many of the agricultural chemicals in the soil such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers. Many companies like to hide behind proprietary when it comes to analysis or ingredient sourcing, however, it’s not an excuse that holds any weight when it comes to the safety of cannabis, period. Fortunately, the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) works with some CBD companies to help protect against contaminated CBD products and other supplements from entry to the marketplace. In other words, it is wise to avoid pet supplements without the NASC seal. We’ll explain a bit more about the NASC below.

So How is CBD Allowed on The Market?

In short, it’s not – but there is light for use of CBD in pets. In fact, the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) works in close communication with the FDA to establish quality and safety guidelines for all supplements, including CBD. This non-profit organization indicates that products with its seal are from companies committed to quality, vigilance, and continuous improvement to promote the well-being of companion animals and horses.  Members (manufacturers of pet supplements) must agree to adhere to NASC’s quality standards, part of which includes an independent audit to ensure conformance with quality system requirements. In order to use the NASC seal, members must follow the guidelines of the organization and demonstrate a commitment to responsible conduct in the industry.14

While CBD products are illegal by FDA definition many companies have been able to offer these products to consumers by working with the NASC and following strict policies to produce them. One of the most important aspects of this relationship is the Adverse Event Reporting System. An adverse event (AE) refers to a complaint involving animal health or nutritional supplement linked to any negative event that may be associated with the use of a product. Each member of the NASC is required to investigate and resolve every AE. Additionally, all AE’s must be reported to the NASC each month. This robust system tracks AEs by ingredient and product, with the system and information being available to the FDA14

Because of this system the FDA can view and track potential problems and investigate further if needed. Further, if CBD manufacturers do not use the term “CBD” on the label or make claims referring to the cure, treatment, prevention, or mitigation of any disease or condition it is likely the FDA will not enforce the issue at least at this time. As stated earlier, ongoing research projects and results may influence this in either direction in the future.

Summary

Simply put, CBD supplements and other products are not legal. However, since they are already produced and consumed in such high volume without a large number of adverse effects the FDA has eased enforcement of companies operating safely. The same cannot be said for companies who risk safety by cutting corners with sourcing, labeling claims, and/or adequacy testing. The FDA recognizes that CBD manufacturers who are operating in good faith want regulation and they also recognize that the medical communities are seeing positive results for their patients. However, until quality data are available to support claims and benefits it is unlikely the FDA will budge in its formal stance on the issue.

In Part III we will discuss the data that is and is not available for short and long-term CBD use in pets, as well as information on giving CBD to your pet. We will also explore the documented risks of hemp and marijuana in pets, and what to do if you find that your pet has ingested marijuana. Did you miss Part I in the CBD & Hemp series?

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

References

1. Sawler J, Stout JM, Gardner KM, et al. The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133292

2. Marijuana, the Second Trip. Revised Edition by Bloomquist, Edward R.: Good PAPERBACK | Earthlight Books. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.abebooks.com/Marijuana-Second-Trip-Revised-Edition-Bloomquist/22676164305/bd

3. Kogan L, Schoenfeld-Tacher R, Hellyer P, Rishniw M. US Veterinarians’ Knowledge, Experience, and Perception Regarding the Use of Cannabidiol for Canine Medical Conditions. Front Vet Sci. 2019;5. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00338

4. Fitzgerald KT, Bronstein AC, Newquist KL. Marijuana Poisoning. Top Companion Anim Med. 2013;28(1):8-12. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.03.004

5. Mackie K. Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They are and What They do. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20(s1):10-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x

6. Maroon J, Bost J. Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_45_18

7. Levinsohn EA, Hill KP. Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2020;411:116717. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717

8. Mechanisms of CB1 receptor signaling: endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic strength | International Journal of Obesity. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/0803273

9. Commissioner O of the. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). FDA. Published online March 10, 2020. Accessed June 4, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd

10. Commissioner O of the. FDA Warns Companies Illegally Selling CBD Products to Treat Medical Conditions, Opioid Addiction. FDA. Published April 26, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-companies-illegally-selling-cbd-products-treat-medical-conditions-opioid-addiction

11. How CBD pet product brands avoid federal warnings. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/8793-how-cbd-pet-product-brands-avoid-federal-warnings

12. Drug Scheduling. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling

13. AVMA weighs in at cannabis hearing. American Veterinary Medical Association. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2019-08-15/avma-weighs-cannabis-hearing

14. FAQs. NASC LIVE. Accessed June 13, 2020. https://nasc.cc/faqs/

15. Resnik DB. Beyond post-marketing research and MedWatch: Long-term studies of drug risks. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2007;1:1-5.

16. Deabold KA, Schwark WS, Wolf L, Wakshlag JJ. Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Safety Assessment with Use of CBD-Rich Hemp Nutraceutical in Healthy Dogs and Cats. Animals. 2019;9(10):832. doi:10.3390/ani9100832

17. McGrath S, Bartner LR, Rao S, Kogan LR, Hellyer PW. A Report of Adverse Effects Associated With the Administration of Cannabidiol in Healthy Dogs. :5.

18. Commissioner O of the. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD. FDA. Published online March 3, 2020. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis

19. Wakshlag JJ, Cital S, Eaton SJ, Prussin R, Hudalla C. Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements. Vet Med Res Rep. 2020;11:45-55. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S248712

 

 

 

 

 

CBD & Hemp: Hemp, CBD (and other) Safety Considerations

In part I and part II we discussed the history of CBD, how it works, and the legality behind CBD for pets & people. While this can all seem a little overwhelming, especially considering the wide availability of CBD – the main take away is that it is important to be safe when choosing any supplement. One of the reasons I decided to put together such a robust series was to explain why it was so important to look for quality and transparency in products. I can tell you all day that quality and transparency are important, but if I don’t explain the reasoning, it just becomes a hollow message.

Part III dives into the clinical data available for CBD use in pets. We’ll also look at what to do if your pet ingests marijuana. Unfortunately, this is a common incident, and THC within marijuana products is an emergency. Finally, we’ll discuss why there is not more available data on dosing, and just why this may be different for each pet.

Hemp & Marijuana: Available Data, Risks & Clinical Information

No established long-term safety data for Hemp/CBD in pets, however, this is not unlike many pharmaceutical medications and supplements already on the market.15 Recent short term data from a recent small study of cats and dogs given 2mg of CBD twice daily for 12 weeks determined that CBD was not detrimental to complete blood counts (CBC) or biochemistry values. It was determined that CBD in cats is metabolized differently than dogs, and needs further evaluation to determine appropriate dosing.4 Additionally, one cat experienced rising levels of ALT, a liver enzyme, which also requires further investigation.16 Additional studies have shown an elevation in ALP, another liver enzyme, further identifying the need for more research.17 This is in line with findings on the human side regarding use of CBD.18

Marijuana itself does have well-documented risks for pets that stem from THC. Even though this is not used or recommended for pets, exposure is common through the ingestion of their owner’s marijuana supply. The minimum lethal oral dose for dogs for THC is more than 3 g/kg, and has been seen most commonly with the ingestion of THC butter.4 Treatment of THC/marijuana ingestion in animals is largely supportive. Meaning that no specific antidote presently exists for THC poisoning. The majority of dogs experiencing intoxication after marijuana ingestion recover completely without long term effects or deficit.4

Clinical effects of toxic levels of THC/marijuana ingestion are generally seen within 60 minutes. Signs of canine intoxication include depression, hyper-salivation, mydriasis, hypermetria, vomiting, urinary incontinence, tremors, hypothermia, and bradycardia. Higher dosages may additionally cause nystagmus, agitation, tachypnea, tachycardia, ataxia, hyper-excitability, and seizures.4 If you suspect your pet has ingested marijuana seek immediate veterinary care.

Toxin Concerns: Phytoremediation

In our last article, we discussed the lack of accountability and product adequacy testing within the human and pet supplement market. When it comes to toxic screening, cannabis in all form are of concern, because it can be a highly toxic plant. This is because it performs a process called phytoremediation and therefore adds another level of concern to the equation. Phytoremediation means that cannabis absorbs heavy metals and many of the agricultural chemicals in the soil such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers. Many CBD companies like to hide behind the word ‘proprietary’ when it comes to analysis or ingredient sourcing. However, this is not an excuse that holds any weight when it comes to the safety of cannabis, period. Fortunately, the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) works with some CBD companies to help protect against contaminated CBD products and other supplements from entry to the marketplace. In other words, it is wise to avoid pet supplements without the NASC seal. We discussed the NASC in more detail in Article II.

Dosing for CBD Products

A variety of CBD containing products are on the market for people and pets. These include oral oils, pills, capsules & food products like treats and honey.  There are also balms and other transdermal-type products that are designed for use on skin. Products have varying levels of effectiveness that likely have to do with quality, purity, concentration, and dosage. Exact dosing of CBD dosing for pets is still being established and is largely up for debate. Further complicating this issue is that some hypothesize this could be highly individualized.

Fortunately, CBD containing hemp products, by law, are to have 0.3% THC or less on a dry weight basis, so the risk of overdose from THC is quite low.9 This does not however mean that dosing CBD, hemp products in pets should not be measured or monitored. Always follow veterinarian and/or product label instructions.

Summary

We’ve all heard the claims of benefits for CBD for both pets and people, however, we now know that those claims are largely unsupported by science and that companies are likely in violation when making these claims. Regarding safety, it appears that there are few adverse events. For CBD have been reported, however, some studies point to a potential for concerns for liver values. This area needs further research, and we’re sure that more data will be available in the near future. If your pet has had or currently has any liver concerns, it is important to discuss CBD use with your veterinarian prior to using it. In addition, if you decide to use CBD it is paramount to ensure the product is NASC compliant. There are also several questions that you can ask your CBD (or any supplement company) which we will discuss in Part IV! Did you miss part I and part II of the CBD & Hemp series?

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

References
  1. Sawler J, Stout JM, Gardner KM, et al. The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133292
  2. Marijuana, the Second Trip. Revised Edition by Bloomquist, Edward R.: Good PAPERBACK | Earthlight Books. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.abebooks.com/Marijuana-Second-Trip-Revised-Edition-Bloomquist/22676164305/bd
  3. Kogan L, Schoenfeld-Tacher R, Hellyer P, Rishniw M. US Veterinarians’ Knowledge, Experience, and Perception Regarding the Use of Cannabidiol for Canine Medical Conditions. Front Vet Sci. 2019;5. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00338
  4. Fitzgerald KT, Bronstein AC, Newquist KL. Marijuana Poisoning. Top Companion Anim Med. 2013;28(1):8-12. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.03.004
  5. Mackie K. Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They are and What They do. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20(s1):10-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x
  6. Maroon J, Bost J. Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_45_18
  7. Levinsohn EA, Hill KP. Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2020;411:116717. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717
  8. Mechanisms of CB1 receptor signaling: endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic strength | International Journal of Obesity. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/0803273
  9. Commissioner O of the. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). FDA. Published online March 10, 2020. Accessed June 4, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
  10. Commissioner O of the. FDA Warns Companies Illegally Selling CBD Products to Treat Medical Conditions, Opioid Addiction. FDA. Published April 26, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-companies-illegally-selling-cbd-products-treat-medical-conditions-opioid-addiction
  11. How CBD pet product brands avoid federal warnings. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/8793-how-cbd-pet-product-brands-avoid-federal-warnings
  12. Drug Scheduling. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling
  13. AVMA weighs in at cannabis hearing. American Veterinary Medical Association. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2019-08-15/avma-weighs-cannabis-hearing
  14. FAQs. NASC LIVE. Accessed June 13, 2020. https://nasc.cc/faqs/
  15. Resnik DB. Beyond post-marketing research and MedWatch: Long-term studies of drug risks. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2007;1:1-5.
  16. Deabold KA, Schwark WS, Wolf L, Wakshlag JJ. Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Safety Assessment with Use of CBD-Rich Hemp Nutraceutical in Healthy Dogs and Cats. Animals. 2019;9(10):832. doi:10.3390/ani9100832
  17. McGrath S, Bartner LR, Rao S, Kogan LR, Hellyer PW. A Report of Adverse Effects Associated With the Administration of Cannabidiol in Healthy Dogs. :5.
  18. Commissioner O of the. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD. FDA. Published online March 3, 2020. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
  19. Wakshlag JJ, Cital S, Eaton SJ, Prussin R, Hudalla C. Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements. Vet Med Res Rep. 2020;11:45-55. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S248712

CBD & Hemp: What is CBD and How Does It Work?

Cannabis: An Ancient Crop with Claims of Health Benefits

The use of cannabis dates back to ancient civilizations, with records of its use dating back to 6,000 years ago.1 Claims of health benefits included constipation, gout, rheumatism, and absent-mindedness.2 However, it wasn’t until recent years that numerous potential therapeutic uses of cannabis for pets have surfaced.

While there is more research for human use of CBD, animal research into CBD is lacking. The minimal research that is available needs significant expansion and validation. It’s important to remember that just because something is published, it doesn’t mean it’s entirely accurate or even applicable to the real world. Therefore, it is essential to understand the regulation, safety, and legality surrounding pet supplements.

Today, there is a plethora of CBD supplements available to people and pets. However, with so much misinformation and dangerous information on the market, it can be challenging to determine what is safe and legal. 

In this multi-part series, we will explore the regulation, how CBD works, and the safety and legality surrounding pet supplements. Since this article serves as our opening to the discussion, we’ll cover the basics: the difference between hemp and marijuana, how CBD works, and how it’s absorbed.

Classification & Cannabinoids

Cannabis can be broadly classified as either hemp or marijuana, and that classification depends on the concentration of the cannabinoid Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (more commonly known as THC) and other cannabinoids they contain.3 The plants contain more than 400 chemicals but the cannabinoid THC is the one with the most recognition for its psychotropic “high” effect.4 Because THC is highly lipid-soluble and is distributed in fat, liver, brain, and renal tissue in the body.

The other cannabinoid that has gained attention is cannabidiol (or CBD), which is the focus of this discussion. It was first isolated from the marijuana plant by Roger Adams in the 1940’s, although it wasn’t chemically described until 1964 by Raphael Mechoulam. Today CBD is commonly used in a variety of human and pet supplements and edibles for pets and people. This cannabinoid has a lot of focus due to its potential, not proven, the ability to help manage anxiety, insomnia, and pain in humans. As already discussed, despite many anecdotal reports and claims more research is needed to determine the effectiveness, dosing, and safety of CBD and other cannabinoids in pets. However, as mentioned earlier, this is also true for many other types of supplements for pets – in fact, a lot of human data is used in order to promote the benefits to pets.

How CBD Works

There are three types of cannabinoids. Like neurotransmitters, all types of cannabinoids work by triggering a response from a receptor. Cannabinoids interact with receptors in the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The main function of the ECS is to maintain body homeostasis— which is biological harmony in response to changes in the environment.5  CBD is known as a phytocannabinoid, which comes from plants. For context, several plants beyond cannabis also produce phytocannabinoids, including cacao and echinacea. All mammals also produce their own cannabinoids, called endocannabinoids. The third type of cannabinoids is synthetic cannabinoids which are made in a laboratory. 

Phytocannabinoids, such as CBD work to inhibit the activity of ECS receptors, or in other words; limit activity or turn them off. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a role in the regulation of pain, pleasure, digestion, metabolism, inflammation, sleep, movement, neuroprotection, immune function, appetite, body temperature, mood, memory, and cardiovascular function.6,7  

Since CBD influences the ECS, there is potentially a wide range of benefits to the therapeutic use of CBD containing supplements and much of the theory behind CBD comes from this. Many anecdotal and case reports reflect these benefits; however, the problem is that there are few evidence-backed indications of these benefits in the mainstream scientific literature. This is complicated by the fact that many companies and non-scientific blogs continue to make claims of benefit giving the consumer and even retailers the perception of more evidence than there is. This climate has created a lot of trust and transparency issues for medical practitioners and CBD manufacturers.

There are two main cannabinoid receptors in humans and dogs, CB1 found primarily in the central nervous system and CB2 which are peripheral and immune-modulating.4,8 CB1 activity is believed to be responsible for most endocannabinoid clinical effects and benefits. 

Dosing & Absorption

CBD dosing & bioavailability, or the body’s ability to absorb CBD containing products are other factors to consider. There are several different types of products that have varying levels of bioavailability. For example, CBD itself is a fat-soluble cannabinoid, like THC. Since our bodies are mostly water traditional CBD oils not absorbed well in the gut, and therefore only have adequate absorption via the oral mucus membrane. Humans for example would need to hold a traditional CBD oil in their mouth for about 90 seconds for best absorption – not exactly realistic for dogs or cats. 

Fortunately, technology has offered solutions to the absorption challenges of traditional CBD oils. There are companies that have altered their products to be absorbed through liposome (fat) technology or nano-particle technologies that allow for oral use and absorption through the GI tract when consumed. The later technology has the highest bioavailability and allows CBD to cross the blood-brain barrier since the particles are so small. However – most CBD oils, treats, and edibles available are not nano-particle, so it’s important to ask. In addition, edibles, especially dog treats that have traditional oil have likely had a heat process applied (i.e. baking). Heat significantly reduces the bioavailability and therefore effectiveness of the CBD within the product. 

Summary

CBD can come from hemp or marijuana, with hemp lacking enough THC to product the psychotropic “high” effect marijuana is most known for. Although Hemp based-CBD supplements are widely available on the market, the reality is that there is a real lack of information regarding its exact benefit or benefits. However, we know enough about the human and animal endocannabinoid system to theorize how and what these supplements may be useful for. The type of CBD is important when choosing a product because not all are easily absorbed or effective due to a variety of processing techniques. 

This article is part of a Hemp Education Series. Over the course of this series, we will further explore hemp legality, safety, dosing, and how to spot quality from potentially dangerous products. 

For further reading, continue to part II, III, IV

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

References

1. Sawler J, Stout JM, Gardner KM, et al. The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133292

2. Marijuana, the Second Trip. Revised Edition by Bloomquist, Edward R.: Good PAPERBACK | Earthlight Books. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.abebooks.com/Marijuana-Second-Trip-Revised-Edition-Bloomquist/22676164305/bd

3. Kogan L, Schoenfeld-Tacher R, Hellyer P, Rishniw M. US Veterinarians’ Knowledge, Experience, and Perception Regarding the Use of Cannabidiol for Canine Medical Conditions. Front Vet Sci. 2019;5. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00338

4. Fitzgerald KT, Bronstein AC, Newquist KL. Marijuana Poisoning. Top Companion Anim Med. 2013;28(1):8-12. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.03.004

5. Mackie K. Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They are and What They do. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008;20(s1):10-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x

6. Maroon J, Bost J. Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_45_18

7. Levinsohn EA, Hill KP. Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2020;411:116717. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717

References

8. Mechanisms of CB1 receptor signaling: endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic strength | International Journal of Obesity. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/0803273

9. Commissioner O of the. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). FDA. Published online March 10, 2020. Accessed June 4, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd

10. Commissioner O of the. FDA Warns Companies Illegally Selling CBD Products to Treat Medical Conditions, Opioid Addiction. FDA. Published April 26, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-companies-illegally-selling-cbd-products-treat-medical-conditions-opioid-addiction

11. How CBD pet product brands avoid federal warnings. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/8793-how-cbd-pet-product-brands-avoid-federal-warnings

12. Drug Scheduling. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.dea.gov/drug- scheduling

13. AVMA weighs in at cannabis hearing. American Veterinary Medical Association. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2019-08-15/avma-weighs-cannabis-hearing

14. FAQs. NASC LIVE. Accessed June 13, 2020. https://nasc.cc/faqs/

15. Resnik DB. Beyond post-marketing research and MedWatch: Long-term studies of drug risks. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2007;1:1-5.

16. Deabold KA, Schwark WS, Wolf L, Wakshlag JJ. Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Safety Assessment with Use of CBD-Rich Hemp Nutraceutical in Healthy Dogs and Cats. Animals. 2019;9(10):832. doi:10.3390/ani9100832

17. McGrath S, Bartner LR, Rao S, Kogan LR, Hellyer PW. A Report of Adverse Effects Associated With the Administration of Cannabidiol in Healthy Dogs. :5.

18. Commissioner O of the. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD. FDA. Published online March 3, 2020. Accessed June 12, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis

19. Wakshlag JJ, Cital S, Eaton SJ, Prussin R, Hudalla C. Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements. Vet Med Res Rep. 2020;11:45-55. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S248712

NorthPoint Pets team

How to Ensure Quality and Transparency in Pet Products

The Importance of Transparency in the Pet Industry

Transparency is a buzzword that has been used frequently in recent years, especially by companies within the pet industry. However, it’s important to note that transparency is not just a feel-good term – it’s a crucial aspect that should be present in all pet products, including food and supplements. The lack of transparency in the pet industry can have severe consequences for both pets and their owners.

The Dangers of Poor Transparency

Many pet products, including food and supplements, lack transparency, quality control, and accountability. This means that there may be toxins, poor sourcing, and formulation errors that can potentially harm pets. In the past, there have been recalls of pet food and supplements due to vitamin D and melamine recalls, pathogen recalls, and other contamination and formulation issues.

The Lack of Accountability and Standards in the Pet Industry

Pet food and supplement manufacturers often cut corners and do not do their due diligence because there are no set standards and accountability measures in place. Major organizations such as the FDA, AAFCO, WSAVA, and PNA have minimal standards, and these standards can be influenced by corporate funding. As a result, it’s often difficult for these organizations to police everyone all the time.

There are minimal requirements for foods, supplements, and other pet products to come to market. Some organizations allow these products to come to market without any adequacy testing, digestibility, or feeding trials. Unfortunately, animals often become sick or die before red flags are raised and an investigation is initiated. This underscores the need for more transparency and accountability in the pet industry.

reading a pet food ingredient label

Ask Questions Verifying Pet Food Quality:

  • Do you conduct a 3rd party nutrition analysis on all of your finished products?
    • Do your products meet an AAFCO profile?
    • Are you willing to provide a copy of that analysis? Note that most companies are deceptive and provide Target analysis, which is predicted. This does not equal a typical analysis, be careful
  • Do you conduct 3rd party digestibility studies for each of your formulas?
    • Do you make those publicly available?
  • Do you source any ingredients from China? Are you willing to provide certificates of origin? 
    • Note that ingredients from China are not necessarily bad as long as they are well-sourced, they are ensuring and verifying quality and purity via analysis and contamination testing. 
  • Do you complete analysis of your final product to ensure the formulation is correct and ensure there are not any contamination issues?

Keep in mind that digestibility and typical nutrient analysis mean nothing without the other. Digestibility shows the amount of nutrients absorbed. The analysis shows the amount of nutrients contained within a product.

Beware of the word proprietary – this does not hold a strong argument and may imply a lack of testing, or inadequate testing.

Ask Questions Verifying Supplement Quality:

When looking for any supplement for yourself or your pets you must ask the manufacturing company the following questions:

  • Do you inbound test your raw and/or concentrated ingredients for contaminants such as heavy metals, fertilizers, and other agricultural chemicals?
  • Do you test your ingredients, specifically active ingredients to ensure their concentrations are correct?
  • Do you source any ingredients from China? 
    • Are you willing to provide certificates of origin? 
    • Note that ingredients from China are not necessarily bad as long as they are well-sourced and they are verifying quality and purity. 
  • Do you complete analysis of your final product to ensure the formulation is correct and ensure there are not any contamination issues? This is important to ensure that active ingredients match the label.
    • Are you willing to provide an analysis for each lot/batch of your final product?
  • Do your company and products meet requirements to utilize the NASC (National Animal Supplement Council) seal?
    • I would not recommend supplement companies that are not members of the NASC, especially CBD companies.

Advice to Consumers

This is not a comprehensive list by any stretch. The key take away is that consumers should start asking questions of manufacturers in order to encourage change. The reality is that very few companies can answer these questions because most do not adequately test their products at all stages. By opening up a dialogue about the importance of doing so can help prevent future issues within the industry.

If companies are unwilling to transparently answer these questions or use the excuse of information being proprietary I would strongly suggest that you find another brand. Not being transparent or testing products when it comes to ensuring safety is unacceptable. Brands that are not meeting these standards could potentially be poisoning the market for other companies who do their due diligence. As consumers demand better.

About the Author: Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

AVMA, Nutrition & (lack of) Ethics

How many times have you heard a veterinarian or the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) preach that those who are not veterinarians should not be giving nutritional advice?  Probably more than a few times. Interesting, maybe the AVMA should take their own advice before distributing an unvalidated, unscientific internet blog. Or, maybe they should rise to meet their own ethics pillars when disseminating information which is unable to withstand basic scientific scrutiny. In short, this is a scientific body distributing subpar work that would get a student ejected from any reputable undergraduate or graduate program.

Figure 1 AVMA member email dated May 21, 2020

Unpopular fact is that most, but not all, veterinarians have a knowledge gap when it comes to nutrition, aside from the fact that the little nutrition training they receive is influenced by large food manufactuerers1,2. It is probably time veterinarians started engaging with those that went to school to study things like nutrition and biochemistry since nutrition has everything to do with pathology of disease and disease prevention. If this body continues to ignore their knowledge gap they are going to continue distributing information that is inaccurate and dangerous – which can arguably be considered negligent. Considering these issues, they should probably review their “Core Values” and realign some of their messaging. Is this bold? Sure, but it’s also the truth.

The AVMA, according to the about section of their website:

…is a professional, not-for-profit organization claiming to be the collective voice of the veterinary profession. It is comprised of over 95,000 members from government, private practice, industry, uniformed services and academia that protect, promote and advance the needs of all veterinarians and those they serve.  Their core values state that the AVMA is ethical, inclusive, science-based, animal-focused, member-centric, supportive, fiscally responsible, efficient & innovative3.

Interesting considering the AVMA has routinely made it clear that their opinion and recommendations are for purchase by major corporations such as Hill’s, Royal Canin and major pharmaceutical companies through various email and marketing campaigns – just for example (see figures 1-4)3. It is also clear that they do not regularly verify and critically review the “scientific” information they distribute to their members who take it as scientific fact4. The AVMA also continues to warn against pathogens in raw food (figure 5), most recently by citing 3 abstracts that were not peer-reviewed, and who’s conclusions either didn’t match what the AVMA claimed, or had conclusions of which data did not support5. These abstracts and their argument also are unable to withstand basic scientific scrutiny. You can read my full analysis of that incident here. Based on this alone we can toss ‘ethical’ and ‘science-based’ from their “Core Values”. Arguably there are a few more, but I’ll be nice. 

(Figures 2-4 below) Figure 5, AVMA Partnerships, accessed via AVMA website May 24, 2020. https://www.avma.org/about/avma-partnerships
Figure 6 AVMA member email dated May 21, 2020

Another example, on May 22nd the AVMA distributed a blog by “PopSugar” which was just another example of them not vetting their sources (see figure 6). This was a non-scientific article that was incomplete, inaccurate and full of dangerous nutritional information. While the blogger interviewed a veterinarian, that veterinarian made her nutritional knowledge gaps apparent. The worst part being that the AVMA shared it, in a member email, which indicates their need to expand engagement to nutrition academics and learn to admit what they do not know. 

Here are just two highlights from that article:

Consult a Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist:

The article stresses the importance of consulting a veterinarian or veterinary nutritionist before making food changes for your pet.  We’ve already covered the fact that many veterinarians have nutritional knowledge gaps. A board-certified veterinary nutritionist® is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Nutrition (ACVN®). The ACVN® is the AVMA-recognized specialty organization for nutrition. They are veterinarians who have continued training specifically in the field of nutrition to become board-certified specialists in veterinary nutrition. This can include companion, livestock and exotic species. 

This is a great recommendation, if you can find and afford one. Most articles that advise contacting a veterinary nutritionist fail to acknowledge that there are not enough of them to go around. According to the ACVN website there are only 96 veterinarians that are currently board-certified in animal nutrition. The list narrows further because many do not take appointments with individual clients because they are working in other capacities (such as academia or formulation), not taking new clients, only see clients in person or are retired. The AVMA and ACVN know this, so one could argue that it is an unreasonable recommendation because there simply are not enough to meet demand.

This leaves nutrition advice falling onto the shoulders of veterinarians, many of which are unequipped to fully handle this field. Don’t get me wrong, there are some that are extremely capable in the field of nutrition, some of which whom I’ve been fortunate enough to learn from. The fact remains that the majority are not, and most don’t have the luxury of working with a board-certified nutritionist.

Not to mention the fact that opinions and practice among these board-certified veterinary nutritionists vary widely. Some advocate for the feeding of fresh food, some do not. Some advocate for prescription diets, some do not. The AVMA ignores this wide range of opinions and seems to focus in on those who only promote what their sponsors do. They also ignore that there are other qualified members of the scientific and nutrition communities that are qualified to make nutritional recommendations and evolve the field. So, I guess we can also cross off inclusive, supportive, scientific and efficient from the AVMA core values. 

A 1:1:1 Approximate Ratio Can Help Build A Balanced Food Plan for Your Dog:

Sounds good, right? Wrong. In fact, this is an incorrect and irresponsible recommendation on many levels that it is hard to pick a place to start:

  • It doesn’t fully explain what those ratios mean. Does that ratio recommendation mean a ratio of calories or by weight? These could yield two very different things to the unsuspecting consumer. 
  • There is no account for age/life stage, breed or size of the dog – nor does it account for activity levels which can dramatically shift energy requirements and therefore macronutrient needs. For example, what about large breeds and puppies who have specific protein and energy requirements?
  • Interesting how the recommendation is to refer to balanceit.com – which doesn’t even recommend those macronutrient ratios.
  • The recommendation completely ignores amino acid and fatty acid requirements and seems to imply that providing equal parts protein, fat and carbohydrates would supply all required micronutrients. This is simply not the case at all.

Ultimately calories from protein, fat and carbohydrates should vary based on the age, size, breed, activity level and other variables that determine daily energy requirement (DER). While it is difficult to make a blanket recommendation, here are some general points to consider:

  • According to the National Research Council (NRC) a growing puppy requires a diet that is about 29 percent protein by weight. This protein should provide about 20-25 percent of dietary calories for puppies. The NRC also states that adults need about 18 percent dietary protein6. It’s important to note that many dog foods on the market range from 18-35% of calories from protein and that more research is needed to determine what is actually optimal. 
  • Typically, a range of 5-20% of calories in commercial dog food come from fat. Although 25-50% of the daily energy requirement can be supplied by fat during periods of high caloric need such as growth, lactation, or physical exertion. Remember that fat is nearly twice as nutrient dense as protein and carbohydrates, meaning that it is easy to provide excess calories which may contribute to obesity. This recommendation can also be altered based on disease state or other metabolic factors. Too much fat can also inhibit other nutrients from being provided or metabolized properly, which is yet another factor to consider.
  • The topic of carbohydrates is a highly contested one. There is not an absolute requirement for carbohydrates in dogs – some sources state that without dietary carbohydrates, there is added strain on lipid and protein metabolic pathways to supply glucose precursors6,7. However, newer scientific literature suggests that some working dogs may do better with minimal dietary carbohydrate8. I make this point not in favor of one stance or the other – instead that the field of nutrition is constantly evolving and to highlight the need for engagement all professionals within the field.
  • Remember the primary purpose of carbohydrates in pet food is to supply energy. However, also remember that carbohydrates include both soluble and insoluble fiber; of which both can provide benefit. Fruits and vegetables provide both types of fiber also provide antioxidants. Antioxidants can prevent oxidation (rancidity) of fats, which is important – especially in higher fat diets. Further complicating matters, excess carbohydrates can inhibit various metabolic pathways leading to nutrient deficiency and/or imbalance and even metabolic disease like obesity and diabetes.

The Main Point:

Obviously, this is just barely scratching the surface, since this is such a complex topic. The main point is that this article leaves a lot of room for misinterpretation and error – aside from the fact that this recommendation is not science-based at all. This is obviously a complex topic and is deserving of those who are qualified to discuss it. Because of this, we can add additional ticks against the AVMA core values of being ethical, science-based, animal-focused, supportive, efficient and innovative.

I could go on further about some of the egregious inaccuracies and recommendations in the article, but it would be a moot point. Instead I would rather spend the remainder of my energy and your valuable time expanding upon something that is worth understanding: the science of nutrition.

The Elephant in the Room: What is the Science of Nutrition?

The field of nutrition is a complex one, and it is not explored in depth in human or animal medical school. This topic is really deserving of its own article, because many really don’t fully understand just how complex it is. In fact, the nutrition field has its own set of education and degree structures that as intense, and in some cases more intense than medical programs. Depending on the track, nutrition encompasses working knowledge of many disciplines. These include, but are not limited to biology, microbiology, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, immunology, endocrinology, pathology, and more. Years ago, the nutrition field was looked down upon by many within the scientific community. Only now is that community realizing just how fundamentally important nutrition is to health, medicine and longevity.

But This Is How It Has Always Been Done

We’re in the midst of a paradigm shift, and it is getting ugly. It’s hard for educated professionals to admit what they don’t know. It’s even harder when they get called out for disseminating bad information. However, until they start to engage those who are deserving of a seat at the table, they leave some us no other choice. On the human side we know that highly processed food, and excess soluble carbohydrates are causative factors in various diseases and comorbidities. In animals, we ignore this fact and continue to recommend highly processed foods. We also fail to recognize the role of nutrition in disease prevention and management. The dogma that veterinary medicine should remain the coveted source of recommendations for animal nutrition is one that is losing stature each day. 

Instead of refusing to engage in conversation and advance the field, the veterinary community would be better served by embracing ideas and research from those outside their immediate circle. Only then would the AVMA and the community they claim to represent begin to actually work toward what their ethics pillars state.

Nicole Cammack

Nicci is the owner of award-winning NorthPoint Pets & Company, in Connecticut. She is also the Founder & CEO of Undogmatic Inc. Her undergraduate and graduate education includes biology, chemistry, business, and nutrition. She has worked in the pharmaceutical industry on multiple R&D projects and has had the privilege to learn from leading international figures in the human and pet health industry. She regularly lectures at national conferences, including federal, state, and municipal K9 events. Her current research involves identifying pathogenic risk factors and transmission among raw fed pets through a comprehensive worldwide survey.

www.northpointpets.com
www.undogmaticinc.com

References:

1.         Albala K. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food Issues. SAGE Publications; 2015.

2.         Nestle M, Nesheim MC. Feed Your Pet Right: The Authoritative Guide to Feeding Your Dog and Cat. Free Press; 2010. Accessed May 25, 2020. https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/feed-your-pet-right-the-authoritative-guide-to-feeding-your-dog-a

3.         We are AVMA. American Veterinary Medical Association. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://www.avma.org/about

4.         Just because it looks like science doesn’t mean it is. NorthPoint Pets & Company. Published April 23, 2020. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://northpointpets.com/just-because-it-looks-like-science-doesnt-mean-it-is/

5.         Apr 20 CD| NR| CN|, 2020. ECCMID studies probe resistant pathogens in pets, pet food, and people. CIDRAP. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/eccmid-studies-probe-resistant-pathogens-pets-pet-food-and-people

6.         Read “Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats” at NAP.Edu. doi:10.17226/10668

7.         Hand et. al. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 5th ed. Mark Morris Institute

8.         The effects of the proportions of dietary macronutrients on the digestibility, post-prandial endocrine responses and large intestinal fermentation of carbohydrate in working dogs: New Zealand Veterinary Journal: Vol 57, No 6. Accessed May 24, 2020. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00480169.2009.64718

Figure 2 AVMA member email dated May 21, 2020
Figure 3 AVMA member email dated May 21, 2020
Figure 4 AVMA member email dated May 21, 2020